Medically reviewed by Dr Pinakin V Parekh, General & Interventional Cardiologist (MBBS (Singapore), MRCP (UK), GDFM (Singapore), FAMS (Singapore), FRCP (Glasgow)). Last Updated: 2026, 28 August
Founder & Medical Director of Trident Heart Centre
Dr Pinakin V Parekh is an interventional cardiologist in Singapore with over 20 years of experience in heart care. He specialises in the diagnosis and treatment of heaart diseases, including procedures such as angiogram and angioplasty.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) happens when the blood vessels supplying your heart (coronary arteries) become narrowed or blocked.
This is usually due to a gradual build-up of fatty deposits called plaque inside the artery walls. Over time, this reduces blood flow to the heart muscle. If the blood supply becomes too limited, it can lead to chest pain, shortness of breath or a heart attack.
CAD is a progressive condition, but with early diagnosis and treatment, it can be well managed.
CAD develops gradually over time due to damage and narrowing of the coronary arteries, causing a build-up of cholesterol and fatty deposits
Risk Factors That Increase Your Risk:
Smoking
Sedentary lifestyle
Family history of heart disease
Increasing age
Chronic stress
These factors accelerate plaque formation and increase the risk of reduced blood flow to the heart.
Symptoms can vary from mild to severe, and some patients may not notice symptoms until the disease is more advanced. Common symptoms include:
Less Obvious Symptoms
Some patients may experience symptoms that are not clearly “heart-related,” such as:
In women and diabetic patients, symptoms may sometimes be more subtle or atypical.
Coronary artery disease is one of the most common causes of heart attacks. Without treatment, plaque build-up can:
The good news is that early detection and treatment can significantly reduce risk and improve outcomes.
Several tests are used to assess heart function and identify blocked or narrowed arteries.
An ECG records the electrical activity of your heart.
It helps detect:
However, an ECG alone cannot show blocked arteries directly.
An echocardiogram uses ultrasound waves to create moving images of your heart.
It helps assess:
It gives information about how the heart is working, but not detailed images of coronary artery blockages.
A CT coronary angiogram is a non-invasive scan that looks at the coronary arteries in detail.
It involves:
It helps detect:
This test is often used for screening or early assessment.
A coronary angiogram is a minimally invasive but accurate test to directly visualise the heart arteries.
It involves:
It helps identify:
In some cases, treatment (angioplasty and stent placement) can be performed during the same procedure.
Treatment depends on how severe the blockage is and your symptoms.
Lifestyle plays a major role in managing CAD:
Your doctor may prescribe medications to:
These help slow disease progression and reduce risk of heart attacks.
If significant blockages are found, angioplasty may be recommended.
This involves:
It is a minimally invasive procedure performed through a small access point.
In more severe or complex cases, bypass surgery may be considered.
This is typically recommended when:
While CAD cannot always be completely reversed, it can often be:
Early diagnosis is key to preventing complications.
Many patients continue to live full and active lives with proper treatment.
Ongoing care may include:
The goal is long-term heart protection and risk reduction.
You should consider a cardiac evaluation if you have:
Early assessment can help detect issues before they become serious.
Patients often value Dr Pinakin’s approach because it focuses on:
Assessing factors such as cholesterol, blood pressure, diabetes, family history, and lifestyle habits.
Helping patients understand their test results, treatment options, and what they mean for long-term heart health.
Tailoring care to the individual, from lifestyle changes and medication to angioplasty when appropriate.
It can often be stabilised and slowed, and in some cases partially improved with treatment and lifestyle changes.
Yes. Many people with coronary artery disease live long, active lives. With proper treatment, lifestyle changes, and regular follow-up, the condition can be well controlled and the risk of complications reduced.
Not always. Many patients are managed with medication and lifestyle changes alone.
Yes, but exercise should be guided by your doctor based on your condition.
With experience in interventional cardiology, Dr Pinakin applies contemporary and strong technical skills to manage complex cardiovascular disease.
Every patient is treated as an individual, with attention to your full health and lifestyle, not just the heart problem.
From assessment to treatment, screenings and procedures are conveniently coordinated in one place for a smoother, more reassuring experience.
